Güncel Patoloji Dergisi
2026, Cilt 10, Sayı 1
Current Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Gynecological Cancers
1 Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye
2 Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye
3 İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye
4 Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, Samsun, Türkiye
5 Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye
6 İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Uluslararası Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye
DOI : 10.5146/jcpath.2026.692 The use of molecular and immunohistochemical biomarkers in gynecologic cancers has become increasingly important for diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic decision-making. This review, prepared by the Gynecologic Pathology Working Group of the Federation of Pathology Societies of Türkiye, aims to provide a practical and standardized approach to current prognostic and predictive biomarkers used in gynecologic malignancies. The review summarizes major biomarkers including HPV/p16, p53, mismatch repair proteins, estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER2/c- erbB2, PD-L1, folate receptor alpha, POLE mutations, BRCA alterations, and homologous recombination deficiency. For each biomarker, recommended specimen selection, immunohistochemical and molecular testing methods, interpretation criteria, reporting standards, and common diagnostic pitfalls are discussed in detail. In addition, the impact of tissue fixation, sampling, and other preanalytical variables on test reliability is emphasized. Furthermore, diagnostic challenges such as subclonal staining patterns, heterogeneous expression, technical artifacts, and discordance between immunohistochemical and molecular findings are highlighted, together with current biomarker-driven targeted therapeutic approaches. In conclusion, this review aims to provide a practical roadmap for generating accurate, comprehensible, and clinically relevant pathology reports regarding prognostic and predictive biomarkers in gynecopathology practice. Anahtar Kelimeler : Gynecopathology, Biomarkers, Prognosis
2 Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye
3 İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye
4 Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, Samsun, Türkiye
5 Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye
6 İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Uluslararası Tıp Fakültesi, Patoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye
DOI : 10.5146/jcpath.2026.692 The use of molecular and immunohistochemical biomarkers in gynecologic cancers has become increasingly important for diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic decision-making. This review, prepared by the Gynecologic Pathology Working Group of the Federation of Pathology Societies of Türkiye, aims to provide a practical and standardized approach to current prognostic and predictive biomarkers used in gynecologic malignancies. The review summarizes major biomarkers including HPV/p16, p53, mismatch repair proteins, estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER2/c- erbB2, PD-L1, folate receptor alpha, POLE mutations, BRCA alterations, and homologous recombination deficiency. For each biomarker, recommended specimen selection, immunohistochemical and molecular testing methods, interpretation criteria, reporting standards, and common diagnostic pitfalls are discussed in detail. In addition, the impact of tissue fixation, sampling, and other preanalytical variables on test reliability is emphasized. Furthermore, diagnostic challenges such as subclonal staining patterns, heterogeneous expression, technical artifacts, and discordance between immunohistochemical and molecular findings are highlighted, together with current biomarker-driven targeted therapeutic approaches. In conclusion, this review aims to provide a practical roadmap for generating accurate, comprehensible, and clinically relevant pathology reports regarding prognostic and predictive biomarkers in gynecopathology practice. Anahtar Kelimeler : Gynecopathology, Biomarkers, Prognosis